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Buchanan, Taneisha S.; Fischer, Ann R.; Tokar, David M.; Yoder, Janice D. Testing a Culture-Specific Extension of Objectification Theory Regarding African American Women's Body Image. The Counseling Psychologist, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 697-718, July 2008.
The authors focused on African American women’s body image, looking at the emphasized objectification in terns of body shape and size, adding the cultural scrutiny of skin tone. The researchers found habitual body monitoring of skin tone predicted specific skin-tone dissatisfaction along with general shame of body shape and size. They place the female body in a sociocultural context, saying that because if societal values, or even in my research case, media images, emphasizing women’s appearance. Through these women learn to view themselves through an observer’s perspective instead of through direct control.
Conner, Mark; Johnson,
The authors used one hundred and twenty one participants, had them report their sexual orientation, body mass index, body shape concerns, eating motives and eating styles. They found that measures of body dissatisfaction were greater in heterosexual women and homosexual men and that heterosexual women had smaller ideal body shapes. Findings showed support for the role of socially prescribed body shapes on body shape concerns, eating motivations and eating styles in women and men. It also suggests impacts are greater for heterosexual women and homosexual men.
Engeln-Maddox, Renee; Miller, Steven A. Talking Back to the Media Ideal: The Development and Validation of the Critical Processing of Beauty Images Scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly; v32 n2 p159-171 Jun 2008
The authors talk about the development of the Critical Processing of Beauty Images Scale and the studies demonstrating the psychometric soundness of this measure. This Critical Processing of Beauty Images Scale measures women’s likelihood to engage in processing media images that feature idealized female beauty. The scale divides women’s critiques in three subscales; Fake, Questioning/ Accusing and Too Thin. These subscales describe the level of critique of the media images. Fake meaning that the images of women being too perfect to be real, Questioning/ Accusing saying that the images of the women are harmful to women and then Too Thin is the tendency of women to think that the models are too thin or have eating disorders. This scale can be useful in working out the media literacy efforts and the explicated relationships between processing beauty images and body image-related concerns.
Forbes, Gordon B.; Frederick, David A. The UCLA Body Project II: Breast and Body Dissatisfaction among African, Asian, European, and
Forbes and Frederick look at how different ethnic women see their breasts and bodies and their global body dissatisfaction. They found that Asian women have the lowest body satisfaction on the Appearance Evaluation Scale, and the greatest breast dissatisfaction. They also found that ethnic differences in breast dissatisfaction disappeared when body size was statistically controlled. They found the results of their study to be consistent with research in that ethnic differences in body dissatisfaction are small, but that studies of ethnic differences must include appropriate controls for total or specific body size and that Asian college women reported a lower global satisfaction that all other women.
Gleeson, Kate; Frith, Hannah. (De)constructing Body Image. Journal Of Health Psychology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 79-90, January 2006.
The authors are looking in to the reification of body image that leads to unarticulated ideological and conceptual assumptions that can obscure the most dynamic and productive features of the construct. They make five assumptions about body images; that it exists, that it is a socially mediated product of perception, that it can be internal and of the individual, it can be treated and measured and lastly, individuals’ respond to body image measures as if providing information about some pre-existing images in their heads. The authors find that it would be more useful to consider body imaging more as a process then a product.
Grabe, Shelly; Ward, L. Monique; Hyde, Janet Shibley. The Role of the Media in Body Image Concerns among Women: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Correlational Studies. Psychological Bulletin; v134 n3 p460-476 May 2008.
The authors look into the research that suggest that exposure to mass media that depicts the thin-ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women. The study looked into experimental and correlational studies testing the links between media images to women’s body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal and eating behaviors and beliefs. Their findings support the concept that exposure to media images showing the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for women.
Harrison, K.; Fredrickson, B.L. Women's sports media, self-objectification, and mental health in black and white adolescent females. Journal of Communication, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 216-232, June 2003.
The authors studied the relationship from the perspective of objectification theory by surveying and experimenting with 426 adolescent females aged 10 to 19 years. They found that sports magazine reading predicted a greater body satisfaction among the older adolescents, no matter if they were in sports or not. Self-objectification in adolescents of all ages predicted mental health risks including body shame, disordered eating, and depression. They also had participants viewed a video depicting men's sports, women's lean sports, or women's nonlean sports. They found for white participants, watching lean sports increased self-objectification, whereas for participants of color, watching nonlean sports had the same effect. They study focused on self-objectification in adolescents and how their cultural differences in the female body ideal are reflected in portrayals of female athletes.
Harrison, Kristen; Taylor, Laramie D.; Marske, Amy Lee. Women’s and Men’s Eating Behavior Following Exposure to Ideal-Body Images and Text. Communication Research, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 507-529, December 2006.
The authors tested the effects of exposure to ideal-body images and text on young adults’ eating behavior. There were two experiments, one for women and one for men. The women looked at slides that depicted images of slender female models with no text, with exercise- and diet-related text, with irrelevant text or no slides, which was their control. Women had a discrepancy between perceptions of their actual body and their same-gender peers bodies they believe they ought to have. Exposure to images alone and images plus diet and exercise related text brought about a reduction in the amount eaten in front of female peers, so that the images deterred the women from eating. Where as the male participants had the same exposure and ended up eating more in front of male peers, which brings about the social distinctions between female and male eating perspectives.
Hazell, Vanessa; Clarke, Juanne. Race and Gender in the Media: A Content Analysis of Advertisements in two Mainstream Black Magazines. Journal of Black Studies, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 5-21, September 2008.
Hazell and Clarke’s study focuses on the Black magazines Essence and Jet, looking at how blacks are portrayed in their own media. The magazines have positive and negative images of blacks. With ideologies of racism and White supremacy in the advertisements in these magazines. Hazell and Clarke comment a lot on how media images can reinforce societal beliefs, expectations and ideals in relation to gender and race. There can also be a case using their research to say these images can reinforce a body image ideal that can go against black cultural beliefs and historical body images. Their focus is in that media images in these magazines needs to have positive images that way out weigh the negative portrayals.
Hill, Melanie S.; Fischer, Ann R. Examining Objectification Theory: Lesbian and Heterosexual Women's Experiences With Sexual- and Self-Objectification. The Counseling Psychologist, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 745-776, July 2008.
Hill and Fischer study the effects of societal sexually objectified on the relationship between women’s reports of cultural sexual objectification and self-objectification experiences. Their finds were that women’s reports of sexualized gaze or harassment significantly effected their own self-objectification, lesbian and heterosexual women reported similar levels of sexualized gaze or harassment and that the relationship between sexualized gaze or harassment and self-objectification was not really different for lesbians or heterosexual women. This can be brought in to the research of media images by looking at how different cultural media objectifies women and divide the women in to ethnic subsamples also.
Kuperbergm Arielle; Stone, Pamela. The Media Depiction of Women Who Opt Out. Gender & Society, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 497-517, August 2008.
Kuperbergm and Stone discuss the way media images effect women’s behavior and the trend of educated women going from the workforce to full-time mothers, or opting out. The focus their study on media coverage of opting out that appears in publications reaching diverse and large audiences with high circulation. They also discuss the implications of the results of the articles’ themes against actual trends in women’s opting out which brings about a disjuncture and the creation of a new feminine mystique. This looks into the social image and ideal of women being mothers and the social repercussion of first working mothers then reverting back to traditionalist of full-time mothers. This brings about a media image of women.
Legenbauer, Tanja; Ruhl, Ilka; Vocks, Silja. Influence of Appearance-Related TV Commercials on
The authors looked at how the influence of media exposure affects the body image state in eating-disordered patients. They assessed the attitudinal and perceptual component of the patients’ body image, along with any associations with dysfunctional cognitions and behavioral consequences. How the media images affect these patients by their behavioral, i.e. eating disorders and by their body images. The authors concluded that their studies suggest that media exposure acts more like a stimulus that triggers body-related schemas. How does this fit in with minority women’s body images, well some women how have body image problems can end up with an eating disorder. With media images focusing on the ideal woman, which is usually thin, white women, then minority women may end up with an eating disorder, as Schooler notes in her research about
Louie, Josephine Kam-Yue. Television, ethnic identity, and race: The views of Chinese youth from immigrant families. Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 67, no. 06, Dec 2006.
The author used a survey to question 213 Chinese teens attending high schools in the
Paquette, Marie-Claude; Raine, Kim. Sociocultural Context of Women's Body Image. Social Science & Medicine, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 1047-1058, Sept 2004.
The authors look at how a woman’s personal and sociocultural context influences her body image. Women’s bodies are the focus of both increasing rates of obesity and body dissatisfaction. Some have seen to explain these trends in that they are both the products of an unfavorable sociocultural environment in the area of food and weight. There can be strong cultural value placed on thinness, especially for women in our society. This can take precedence over health. The authors say that to fully understand and address the impact that a woman’s body image dissatisfaction can have over her, one requires an understanding of the multiple contexts of a woman’s life. The authors took 44 non-eating disordered women and interviewed them twice to understand their body images and how they were shaped. They found that the women’s body mages fluctuates between women.
Schooler, Deborah. Real Women Have Curves: A Longitudinal Investigation of TV and the Body Image Development of
Schooler is from
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good!
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